Is Criminal Behavior Learned or Does Your Dna Already Predispose You at Birth to Criminal Behavior?

1. Is criminal behavior learned or does your DNA already predispose you at birth to criminal behavior? How does Behavior genetics, learning theory and cognitive development theory fit into your assumption. In my opinion, criminal behavior is learned. All in all, I believe that every aspect of human life in general is learned. That’s how we evolve and further innovate our lives. Some learn to be productive citizens and some learn to engage in criminal behavior. Criminal behavior exists because of the way people think and the choices they make.Criminality is a lifestyle, and criminals must either be confined forever or be taught how to change their ways of thinking. In criminology, biological and psychological explanations of behavior have been out of style for some time. In fact, the authors of the leading criminology text from the 1920’s to the 1970’s, Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald R. Cressey, â€Å"clearly rejected the importance of biological factors† i n explaining criminal behavior. Scholars such as Glenn D. Walters and Thomas W.White developed the thesis that both criminal and noncriminal behavior are related to cognitive development and that people choose the behavior in which they wish to engage. They have concluded: â€Å"the root causes of crime†¦are thought and choice (Walters and White 8). I agree wholeheartedly with Walters and White that people choose the behavior they wish to engage in and if its criminal behavior then they will have to accept the consequences. The cognitive development theory is based on the belief that the way people organize their thoughts about rules and laws results in either criminal or noncriminal behavior (Reid 88).People regulate their own actions and whether they abide by the laws that govern them. The behavior that can be observed or manipulated is important. That is the behavior that will decide criminality. This behavior is learned through cognitive thinking and its way of learning ca n be eliminated, modified, or replaced by taking away the reward value or by rewarding a more appropriate behavior that is incompatible with the deviant one. Neurotic symptoms and some deviant behaviors are acquired through an unfortunate quirk of learning (Reid 89).Even the learning theory acknowledges that individuals have physiological mechanisms that permit them to behave aggressively, but whether or not they will do so is learned, as is the nature of their aggressive behavior (Reid 89). All of this can coincide with an external environment such as the neighborhood a criminal lives in. What that criminal sees in his everyday life may be different that what a non-criminal sees, therefore they will learn the deviant behavior they’re around.Behavior genetics definitely has an impact on the way people think and act. Criminals learn how to become criminals by either watching others or being taught how to commit crimes. For example, children who grow up in malfunctioned familie s that engage in criminal behavior can learn to become criminals. A boy who watches his father beat his mother is more likely to grow up and beat his wife or girlfriend. The children that are witnesses to this behavior learn how to commit crimes.To conclude, criminal behavior is learned through the criminal’s thoughts, sights, actions, and their interactions of the surrounding environment. Bibliography Glenn D. Walters and Thomas W. White, â€Å"The Thinking Criminal: A Cognitive model of Lifestyle Criminality, â€Å" Sam Houston State University Criminal Justice Center, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin 4 (1989): 8 Reid, Sue T. Crime and Criminology. 13th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 8. Print.

Government Roles in Healthcare Essay

The government which consists of federal, state and local combined has many important roles in the U.S healthcare system. One of the roles in which the government provides is finance. It is estimated that 48% of healthcare was paid for by public dollars in 2008, which included Medicare, Medicaid, state and local health programs, CHIP, and Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Yesalis,Holt,& Politzer,2012). Federal and State governments jointly fund Medicaid, long term mental health services, community health centers and public health programs. The next important role that the government plays in the healthcare system is delivering healthcare to patients. Some examples of healthcare delivery would be the Department of Veterans Affairs which is a federal government operated facility which provides healthcare for veterans. There are hospitals and healthcare facilities which are located on military bases which are run by the federal government that are available for our military service members. There are also federal or state run government healthcare facilities which provide healthcare for uninsured or low income families for little or no cost. The Indian Health Service is another program which is run by the federal government that offers healthcare to American Indians as well. The government also has the role of regulating healthcare. One of the things that the federal government regulates is Medicare and Medicaid providers. State governments are usually more involved when it comes to regulation of healthcare. They regulate things such as: establishing health codes, regulating the insurance industry, and license health care personnel and facilities. The state government works alongside with local health departments to perform other functions as well. Some examples of these are vital statistics, mental health services, and environmental health. References: Yesalis, C., Holt, H., & Politzer, R. (2012). Fundamentals of U.S. Healthcare. Retrieved from http://wow.coursesmart.com/9781428317352/firstsection#

Tucker

Tucker: the man and his dream Preston Tucker is a man persists in doing what he believes is right even thousands of barriers appear. The movie narrates the story of Preston Tucker who Invents and manufactures the "car of the future", " Tucker Torpedo". This car features rear engine, disc brake, windshield, seat belt and other unique parts that existing cars don't Include. Since the car Is Innovative, the demand Is beyond the imagination of current market. The more popular the car is, the severer the challenge Trucker has to face.The government starts to play role of interrupter. At the stage of design, the government of Detroit refuses to supply clay and steels which both of them are the main materials to manufacture cars. Even the Senator refuses to talk with Tucker and warns him if he continues, the government would cut off all resources. The board of director of Tucker Company also doubts his ability of manufacturing the car and allocation of money, so they tak e the whole control of the company and modify the design of the car while Tucker Is on a publicity campaign.The board of director believes that front engine Is more feasible and elimination of seat belt Is more persuasive for customers, since seat belts represent unsafe cars at that time. The price of the car Is also doubled due to the scarcity of steels. Tucker finally realizes the difficulties he is facing and decided to produce his own Tucker separately. The engine he used is transformed from the old engine of helicopter from a aircraft company. On the day of testing, the car is being drove for 24 hours non stop, and it could even function properly after a serious accident.While everyone is elaborating the success. Undercover agent has already reported to the Senator, Homer Ferguson. The Big Three feel threatened and envy the success of Tucker. In order to prevent Tucker, the Big Three make an alliance with the government, and the Senator discloses fake Information about Tucker's involvement of stock fraud to Yellow Journalism. Yellow Journalism starts to report that the car is manufactured by reforming the old parts and it has no qualification to sell. On the court, the Senator even falsified the account and accused Tucker spend the money for personal use. †¦ But If big business closes the door on the little guy with a new Idea, we're not only closing the door on progress, but we're sabotaging everything that we fought for Everything that the country stands for† And one day we're going to find ourselves at the bottom of the heap instead of king of the hill, having no idea of how we got there, buying our radios and our cars from our former enemies. † As Tucker points out on the court, the government abuses its power to put down the development of small business.As the founder of Tucker Company, Preston Tucker builds his own team to tart from sketching to finally putting dreams into reality. A leader should know how to allocate his subordina tes into the right positions. Tucker as a leader understands how to take charge In operations and involve people Into projects to achieve the goal that he expects. Tucker hires a young designer, Alex Trembles, to design and a financier, Abe Karate, to arrange financial support. However, he does not empower his subordinates, but rather to solve the question by himself.He always tries to find out potential solutions if any problems appear. For example, he finds engine from a advantage of his reputation to attract attentions of public while on the publicity campaign and also record the advertisement to promote his car. While he explains the concept of the car, he says, â€Å"tell me why, gentlemen, has the Big Three in Detroit been allowed to make billions of dollars without spending one dime on safety. What I know, what you know, what the public knows is that they don't give a damn about people. All they care about is profits. He knows clearly what his responsibility is as a ar manuf acturer which is to produce a car that could protect the safety of passengers not Just making profit. It is important for a leader to create positive attitude and motivates his colleagues to take action. While Abe Karate, his financier, knows Tucker is slandered by the Senator into stock fraud, Abe Karate asks to leave the company due to his conviction of stock fraud in the past. Tucker understands that Abe is worried that his past would bring negative effect on Tucker, so he tries to retain and comforts Abe. However, Tucker is not a leader without any weakness.There is one scene in the movie shows that a mechanic almost stuck his head under the car. Tucker does not concern the safety of the mechanic at first, but instead he gets angry about the process of assembling. Also, he is idealized the market without considering the risk and potential obstacles. When he is still at the designing stage of the car, he starts to promote it at the magazine without any successful production. Alth ough he proves himself by showing 51 Tucker Torpedoes in front of the court, Tucker still needs to value risk as an important factor while making decisions.All incidents that Preston Tucker experienced has reflected his characteristic of being a leader. He is also a decision maker, a problem solver and a practitioner. Tucker challenges authority and points out the weakness of existing car, for he values the safety of customers rather than making profit. Tucker has successfully involved his teammates by allocating them into right positions. As a leader, he is willing to take uncertain actions and turn his imagination into reality. It is a necessity for a leader to have positive attitude toward everything he believes in and motivate his fellows to take actions. Tucker Tucker: the man and his dream Preston Tucker is a man persists in doing what he believes is right even thousands of barriers appear. The movie narrates the story of Preston Tucker who Invents and manufactures the "car of the future", " Tucker Torpedo". This car features rear engine, disc brake, windshield, seat belt and other unique parts that existing cars don't Include. Since the car Is Innovative, the demand Is beyond the imagination of current market. The more popular the car is, the severer the challenge Trucker has to face.The government starts to play role of interrupter. At the stage of design, the government of Detroit refuses to supply clay and steels which both of them are the main materials to manufacture cars. Even the Senator refuses to talk with Tucker and warns him if he continues, the government would cut off all resources. The board of director of Tucker Company also doubts his ability of manufacturing the car and allocation of money, so they tak e the whole control of the company and modify the design of the car while Tucker Is on a publicity campaign.The board of director believes that front engine Is more feasible and elimination of seat belt Is more persuasive for customers, since seat belts represent unsafe cars at that time. The price of the car Is also doubled due to the scarcity of steels. Tucker finally realizes the difficulties he is facing and decided to produce his own Tucker separately. The engine he used is transformed from the old engine of helicopter from a aircraft company. On the day of testing, the car is being drove for 24 hours non stop, and it could even function properly after a serious accident.While everyone is elaborating the success. Undercover agent has already reported to the Senator, Homer Ferguson. The Big Three feel threatened and envy the success of Tucker. In order to prevent Tucker, the Big Three make an alliance with the government, and the Senator discloses fake Information about Tucker's involvement of stock fraud to Yellow Journalism. Yellow Journalism starts to report that the car is manufactured by reforming the old parts and it has no qualification to sell. On the court, the Senator even falsified the account and accused Tucker spend the money for personal use. †¦ But If big business closes the door on the little guy with a new Idea, we're not only closing the door on progress, but we're sabotaging everything that we fought for Everything that the country stands for† And one day we're going to find ourselves at the bottom of the heap instead of king of the hill, having no idea of how we got there, buying our radios and our cars from our former enemies. † As Tucker points out on the court, the government abuses its power to put down the development of small business.As the founder of Tucker Company, Preston Tucker builds his own team to tart from sketching to finally putting dreams into reality. A leader should know how to allocate his subordina tes into the right positions. Tucker as a leader understands how to take charge In operations and involve people Into projects to achieve the goal that he expects. Tucker hires a young designer, Alex Trembles, to design and a financier, Abe Karate, to arrange financial support. However, he does not empower his subordinates, but rather to solve the question by himself.He always tries to find out potential solutions if any problems appear. For example, he finds engine from a advantage of his reputation to attract attentions of public while on the publicity campaign and also record the advertisement to promote his car. While he explains the concept of the car, he says, â€Å"tell me why, gentlemen, has the Big Three in Detroit been allowed to make billions of dollars without spending one dime on safety. What I know, what you know, what the public knows is that they don't give a damn about people. All they care about is profits. He knows clearly what his responsibility is as a ar manuf acturer which is to produce a car that could protect the safety of passengers not Just making profit. It is important for a leader to create positive attitude and motivates his colleagues to take action. While Abe Karate, his financier, knows Tucker is slandered by the Senator into stock fraud, Abe Karate asks to leave the company due to his conviction of stock fraud in the past. Tucker understands that Abe is worried that his past would bring negative effect on Tucker, so he tries to retain and comforts Abe. However, Tucker is not a leader without any weakness.There is one scene in the movie shows that a mechanic almost stuck his head under the car. Tucker does not concern the safety of the mechanic at first, but instead he gets angry about the process of assembling. Also, he is idealized the market without considering the risk and potential obstacles. When he is still at the designing stage of the car, he starts to promote it at the magazine without any successful production. Alth ough he proves himself by showing 51 Tucker Torpedoes in front of the court, Tucker still needs to value risk as an important factor while making decisions.All incidents that Preston Tucker experienced has reflected his characteristic of being a leader. He is also a decision maker, a problem solver and a practitioner. Tucker challenges authority and points out the weakness of existing car, for he values the safety of customers rather than making profit. Tucker has successfully involved his teammates by allocating them into right positions. As a leader, he is willing to take uncertain actions and turn his imagination into reality. It is a necessity for a leader to have positive attitude toward everything he believes in and motivate his fellows to take actions.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example The universal credit has brought together a variety of working-age benefits and put them into a single payment. The Universal credit project was aimed at encouraging the individuals on benefits to initiate paid work or to have overtime hours to work by ensuring that the job is paying. The Universal credit project also helped bring in a smoothened transition when getting into work and at the time of retiring. The Universal Credit system has also brought about a simplification in its operation with respect to the previous system in that it has become easy for people to comprehend its working and it is simpler and less expensive to dispense (Department for Work & Pensions 2013b). The welfare system also aimed to significantly reduce the number of individuals who are under poverty and they are still working. It also aimed to reduce chances of errors and fraud that have been witnessed in the current system. This project had good intentions and it was seen as the best and efficient way at the time to deal with the welfare situation and diminish poverty. This project on being run has come across several setbacks that have seen it receive criticism from various corners. The media especially depicted negative publicity of the Universal Credit project citing poor management and lack of transparency within the system. Management of the Universal Credit project has witnessed various changes within the management running the system severally. This report hopes to review how to effectively manage a project and with the reference of the Universal Credit project I will cite ways in which such a project would effectively have been managed in a bid to eliminate the problems in management that the project faced when it was set to run. Background Many individuals on benefits are of the thought that the financial threats of moving into work are extremely high. Some people have actually viewed the gains from the work they do, especially working during part time, to be very little an d such gains are easily neutralized by other expenses that increase day in day out such as the fee involved in transportation. The government of United Kingdom considered and viewed the current program to be too complicated and it lacks rewards and incentives that will encourage and boost the morale of individuals on benefits to initiate paid work or to have overtime hours to work. The government hence set out to come up with a system that would do this and that was fairer and was cheap to afford in a bid to diminish joblessness, welfare dependency and poverty and to decrease the degree of error and fraud (Department for Work & Pensions 2013b). The United Kingdom government hence came up with a welfare system that would do all this and it was what we now know as the Universal credit. The welfare program was aimed at ensuring that a large number of people get into jobs and those in jobs to successively progress in them. Project initiation This is the most crucial stage of any project . It is the first process in the project development lifecycle. Project initiation is the major determiner of whether the project will turn out to be a success and hence keenness and efficiency should be observed in this process. Most projects that fail during deployment have

Information Managment Challenges for Ford Motor Company Research Paper

Information Managment Challenges for Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that there are new challenges in the IT department of Ford Motor Company every year. ... â€Å"Though our work is with people, our tool is with the computer.† With both of these critical components in mind, and along with the integration of technology, Ford has become a leading developer of â€Å"green† automobiles. This is a clear challenge for the new millennium, in which the drive to produce cleaner fuel and decrease dependence on foreign oil is huge. Thus, this paper will examine the challenges Ford faces by striving to create greener products, utilizing technology to create a better product and prove to consumers that the company promotes the ideals of a cleaner, healthier world. Ford Motor Company Introduction The Ford Motor Company has the second highest level of sales of automobiles in the United States, with a global presence in more than 500 companies across the globe. More importantly, the innovation that the company has dedicated themselves to accomplishing gives hope that dependency on fossil fuels might someday be a thing of the past. As the paper outlines that the manufacturing plants are tooled to be flexible, the vehicles that roll off of the assembly line geared toward the fuel option of the country of intended delivery, thus providing their customers with the best options available for fuel economy. As the company is award winning for their ethical policies and implementation of sustainability, the potential for collaborative efforts toward advancing automotive technology seems to be a real possibility within the company. Henry Ford When Henry Ford created the Model T automobile, it was the beginning of a revolution in industry. The philosophies of industrial management that came from his innovative thoughts on the sociological aspects of his business created changes in the way in which workers, business financial strategy and the machinery of work were integrated.

Comparison of the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone Assignment

Comparison of the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone - Assignment Example Spongy bones are found on the heads of the long bones such as femur, humerus, radius, tibia, and fibula, and in between flat bones such as the skull, while the compact bone forms the external surface of all bones (Saladin 172). Anatomically, joints are connections between distinct joints. They exist so the bones are interconnected, and can be one skeletal system. They can exponentially increase the range of movement of our extremities, just like our knee, elbow, shoulder and metacarpal joints, or they can strengthen the structure of our body, just like our pubic symphysis and skull sutures. Hyaline cartilage and synovial fluid lubricate joints and make movement easier. Fibrocartilage makes the joints strong against compression and shock. The enlarged epiphysis of the bones it connects also provide strength (Saladin 172-173). Once the action potential reaches the motor nerve endings on muscle fibers, the nerve secretes acetylcholine, which initiates the influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber, causing an action potential at the membrane. This potential travels along the muscle fiber membrane, and in the process depolarizing in the membrane. This then causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release large quantities of calcium ions, which initiate the binding of actin and myosin filaments that occurs during the contraction. After muscle contraction, calcium ions are returned back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing muscle relaxation (Guyton and Hall 74). Upon receiving an impulse from the musculocutaneous nerve (Saladin 362), the biceps brachii (Saladin 328), exerts effort on the radius, with resistance contributed by the weight of the forearm or anything held in hand. Fulcrum is the elbow (Saladin 309).  

The Benefits and Disadvantages of Country Living Essay

The Benefits and Disadvantages of Country Living - Essay Example This means that even though you can easily find public transport it will take you much longer to reach your destination because of the high traffic. According to the Texas Transportation Institute cities with the worst traffic include Long Beach, Santa Ana, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington D.C, Fort Worth, Dallas, Texas, Houston, Chicago, Arlington, Riverside, Detroit, San Jose, San Diego, Orlando and Atlanta (Malone). If you live in the country you must have your own otherwise transport is almost impossible however it takes much less time because of the peaceful roads.It is not only public transport that is a problem, the lack of other amenities such as branded stores and eating places is also a hassle. There are much less extracurricular activities to enjoy. If you are bored in the city you can watch a movie, go to a concert, eat out at a fine restaurant or cafà © or simple hang out at a bar; there are countless places to choose from. A significant difference in the quality of education in the city and the country also leads to many people moving to the cities. There are so many good schools and universities in the city where you can achieve excellent education whereas in the country you will find that educational institutes are limited and sometimes the courses or classes offered are limited too as compared to the city where there are numerous education opportunities. Although it may seem strange the cost of living in the country has risen by 20 percent for the more remote areas (Charlotte). So this is one aspect you need to keep in mind before you decide to settle in the countryside. The distances between places are greater which means more fuel costs. But an advantage is that you will get to walk more which is a very healthy workout. The air is also cleaner in the country so you will be exercising without even realizing.

Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Other - Essay Example However, comparing and contrasting the lifestyles, attitudes of people, foods, clothes and other societal components, we would find a huge difference between the two of them. One culture dominates the Asian region while other dominates the Western side. America is not a particular dominance of any culture. Since early settlers were from European regions therefore, different regions of United States of America are dominated by different kinds of American cuisines. For example, South cuisines are more spicy and fried as compared to food in northern region where the food is comprised of boiled vegetables, fatty meat and beans. Similarly, West-American cuisines are more of a combination of Mediterrian and Hispanic food when compared to Eastern-American region in which the diversity of food types is purely based on the tremendous variety of different ethnic origins by people from different ethnic backgrounds. American cuisine is not a name of a particular food type instead; the variety of the food types, recipes and cultures gave American food a unique status in the world. The variety is so vast that person from any background can find the food of choice in most of the regions of the United States of America. As we see, Northern states of the United States of America are pre-dominantly by French, Dutch, Germans and British. Due to above reasons somewhat modified form of cuisine and culture food emerged in the Northern parts of the United States. When compared to other parts of the world, the dominance of one culture gave rise to particular kind of cuisines in the region such as China, Japan and Korea are among many of other countries. American foods are richer in their contents and provide a huge number of calories through protein, fats and carbohydrates. The unique combination of high protein and high fiber based foods, mostly vegetables, give a unique taste and cultural environment as well as the basic nutrients required by the body. Technology plays an excellent role in the American cuisine field. Modern culture and technology have provided a wide range of selected food materials to control the caloric requirement of an individual. For example, animal based protein such as beef and meat are supplied from high fats to low fat variety to meet the requirements of the consumer. Similarly, the sea-food and the poultry meat are supplied in similar varieties. In other words, the consumers’ needs and specific demands according to their health are met with this technology. Chinese food is served with the chopsticks which is a wood based product and lack the hygiene and cleaning when it comes to wash utensils. Many people in China keep their own personal set of utensils such as chopsticks to avoid any kind of health issues when it is used by others.. any absorbent material whether it is wood or ceramic are a substantial source of spreading the germs and also they are the source of transforming diseases to others. When compared to American uten sils which are solely made of metal, it becomes easier to clean and wash them. Hence, maintain the hygiene and preventing any substantial health communication to others. The fast food chains in America play a very important role in the daily food activities of an average American, where every individual has a huge variety of selection which ranges from high caloric food to low caloric food as well as high fiber food to low fiber food and also, from fresh to frozen varieties to meets the demands of each consumer

California-Illini Manufacturing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

California-Illini Manufacturing - Case Study Example Their cost reduction strategy though seemed efficient; it was not able to compete well in the short run. The Cl’s standard cost system and the high levels of work-in-progress had impacts on its cost reduction strategy. However, the new Production Control/Inventory Control (PCIC) Manager is seen working on the right track, by implementing new strategies to manage the constraints to restrict the company form producing and building higher inventory levels for products not having sufficient demand. Thus, implementing a Theory of constraint approach would be most suitable for the Company to manage the human and material resources well. Problem Statement Competitive strategy, in the normal sense refers to the way a company can achieve a competitive advantage in its operating market while choosing a distinctive way of competing. California-Illini Manufacturing Company is able to compete in the global market by making the maximum use of their competitive strategy. They are the largest producers of plain and hard-faced replacement tillage tools in the United States. They concentrate more on handmade tillage tools. They use expensive metal pieces and metal forged metals in the production process, together with using manual electric arc welders. In the global market, there is greater opportunity for handmade products, especially for machineries and automobiles. For example, handmade vehicles, such as the Lamborghini cars are highly demanded as well as more expensive, because the extensive efforts and labor to produce the vehicle has attributed it to be better built. However, their line of industry in America as well as in the global market is getting very competitive. Products with cheaper rates are brought into the market, which makes the market more and more competitive. In spite of all these conditions, there is still a considerable market for the handmade, rugged, American machineries and tools. Therefore, the company can stick to their design and competitive s trategy and bring products into the market, from their family built, third-generation Company. They have the advantage of utilizing the quality of tools as their trademark. Causes of the Problem The California-Illini Manufacturing Company’s cost reduction strategy is attributed to the various market conditions and global economic stipulations. During 1980s, when President Reagan was in his first term, an economic downturn struck the global market. The slow down in the market caused many global companies like the California-Illini Manufacturing to struggle. The company was in need of formulating a strategy as its cash flow was poor and the inventory levels were down. They had to find out ways to cut down the cost, increase prices, and develop technology and productivity. However, the cost reduction strategy formulated by the management faced some unexpected failures in the short run. In 1989, the cost cutting strategy was seen failing, firing the operating costs up 20%. The in ventory level was increased by 24% and the net profit continued to slip (California-Illini Manufacturing). The California-Illini Manufacturing Company’s standard Cost system had an impact on the cost reduction strategy. The Company put a cost system into operation to measure performance and profit potentials. Under the cost system, a standard level was ascertained to each element, including material and labor. In the same way, each production manager was evaluated on their

Application for a Loan Essay Example for Free

Application for a Loan Essay Briar Forest University is the dream project of Mr. Gary Cooper, M. A. PhD, a permanent resident of Briar Forest and a budding educationist who wishes to set up a University at Briar Forest for the following reasons: 1. A full-fledged university is long overdue in Briar Forest; 2. There is a growing global market for a full-fledged university; 3. Mr. Cooper owns a sizable land free from any encumbrances and appropriate in size for a full-fledged university; 4. Mr. Cooper has U. S. $1. 00 million to invest for the project; 5. Mr. Cooper has a dream to set up a university with true global environment, which would produce a new breed of prejudice-free and enlightened individuals, who would reflect a well-comprehended approach and attitude towards life, and thus would lead the society from the front. 6. He has weighed every detail on the prospect of this proposed venture with an appropriate team; 7. He has found his dream aligns with reality. Thus, the salient features of the proposed project have been placed below, before concluding on an approbatory note. Guiding Theme Mr. Cooper, PhD, has already earned a name in the field of Eastern Philosophy. It was in his internship days, he was greatly moved by a particular saying of the great Indian Philosopher, Swami Vivekananda; Education is the manifestation of perfection, which is already in humans. Since then he started dreaming on setting up a university which will cater to the society with a new breed of enlightened individuals who would be free from all prejudices and reflect a well-comprehended approach and attitude towards life. Thus he has chosen the above-mentioned saying of Swami Vivekananda as the guiding theme of the project. USP of the Project: There is no full fledged university in Briar Forest, in spite of being one of the significant hubs of trade and commerce in the area, where a huge population of local youth has to pursue their education outside the area, while the young executives who seek an MBA degree, are found to be avoiding any resident jobs here, due to the absence of a university that offers MBA program. Add to that, the new tax policy of the government has provided a huge scope for the prospective foreign student from all across the globe. Thus, primarily the USP of this project lies in its proposed placement, i. e. , Briar Forest. Proposed Educational Programs The university intends to introduce three major segments, like Undergraduate, Post Graduate and Professional courses, with conventional streams and respective subjects under them, under the provisions of the Education Council. Phases of Expense The one-time expenses involve the construction of the campus with strategically placed buildings and boundary, office equipments, vehicles for conveyance, digital communication and security systems, water and sanitary systems, fire-fighting systems, environment protection systems and beautification of the campus. Out of these, the primary focus has been placed on the construction of the buildings. A basic plan towards that is thus placed below: Types of Buildings: a. Main Buildings: These would house the main academic activity and students accommodation with appropriate space for administrative segments and adequate openings to facilitate the anticipated proceedings. Keeping in tune with the survey on the anticipated number of students, the foundations of these buildings would be empowered with 6-story capacity, where the floor-height according to the norms would be kept around 15 meters. The recommended FAR (Floor Area Ratio) apropos the anticipated proceedings stands as 1:3. The architectural design chosen for the project owes more to the European Renaissance period to create the vintage aura of old academic institutions, b. Annexes Buildings: They would hold purely administrative offices with Senate halls for executive meetings. These buildings would be two storied, though their foundation would have the provision for future extension of two more stories. The recommended FAR here stands at 1:2. Proposed architecture for these buildings contains a mixture of post-modern and present European mould for exteriors and interiors respectively, so that the exteriors wouldnt stand in stark contrast of the main buildings in spite of the absence of the frills, while the interiors would facilitate the modern style of office system. c. Supplementary Buildings: Canteens, Cyber Cafe, Plant and car shades around enclosures, fire-fighting or server stations, staff-quarters, etc. belong to this segment. While the Canteen, staff quarters and cyber cafe would be two storied provisioned with two more stories, the rest would be single storied, all with recommendations of post-modern exterior and modern interior. Placement of Buildings The main buildings would be clustered in the middle with equal division of the annex buildings among them, together facilitating the central quadrangle easily approachable from any side. Phases of Project The proposed project has been divided into two phases: One, the Kick-off phase and two Final phase. The kick-off phase would comprise two main buildings, one for student accommodation and the other for academic activities. Both of them at present would be complete with just two floors. These two buildings would have one annex building at their side, with Canteen or security establishments. Final phase would start right after the commencement of sessions in the Kick-off phase. Estimated Cost The cost of Kick-off phase has been estimated at U. S. $2. 75 million with U. S. $. 75 million as the caution money to meet the exigencies. Recovery of Investment The campaign conduced by the appointed professionals to prepare a list of the prospective investors, had brought in the names of 125 such persons. Out of that, Mr. Cooper has been able to finalize the master list of 85 persons who finally have signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Mr. Cooper, wherein they would provide a joint fund of U. S. $12 million, on the inaugural day of the Kick-off phase. This serves as the guarantee for the recovery of the loan from any bank. An independent body of trustees, who would clear the EMIs of the bank through an automated process, would handle the said fund. While it has been decided by the Board of Aids that the loaned amount would be paid through 60 EMIs, the targeted period of the Kick-off phase has been fixed as two years from the date of commencement of the project. This augurs the beginning of the academic sessions right from the third year of the project – which would also add money to the proposed joint funding of the 85 partners of the Final phase. On the other hand, the estimated cost of the Final phase along with a caution money in tune of 10% stands at 8.8 million – a realistic situation which further guarantees the recovery of the bank loan of U. S. $2. 00 million from the remaining U. S. $3. 2 million in the Final Phase fund. Degrees to be Offered As like any contemporary university working with the guidelines of National Education Council, this university would introduce its courses in alignment with that, which would include Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, Technology and Management, along with other regular degrees in Biological, Medical and Veterinary Sciences. To cater the growing demand of MBA course, the university would introduce the same right from its Kick-off phase, which will later be followed by extended courses like Global Summer Schools, Executive Education, or the Entrepreneurship courses, once the other Final Phase is completed. Faculty Selection The board of governors would handpick the professors and other staff through a stringent guideline, aligned with the theme of the proposed university. Induction of the Guiding Theme With a view to create a new breed of enlightened individuals who would be free from all prejudices and reflect a well-comprehended approach and attitude towards life, there would be a parallel indirect education that would be imparted in this proposed university – which would imbibe the universally recognized Values and Ethics in the students and would made them both mentally and physically equipped to lead the world – which is the ultimate dream of Mr. Gary Cooper, the founder and director of this project. CONCLUSION Judging from all angles, the proposed project definitely looks like a risk-free, profiteering venture for all its prospective parties, mostly due to its unique financial planning. Alongside, this project would surely cater the long-standing need of the proposed region, besides the growing overseas demand for higher education. The location of this project surely serves its USP (Unique Selling Proposition), while the guiding theme of it will surely add a useful dimension to the main curricula.

Causes and Effects of Heart Failure

Causes and Effects of Heart Failure Elizabeth Makouta K. Assessment 2 Definition of Heart Failure: This is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart by coronary atherosclerosis meaning the coronary vessels is build up with fatty clogging (Marieb 2012 p369) The body systems affected are: Kidney, Heart, Lungs, and Digestive System. Kidney’s function: is to eliminate nitrogen –containing e wastes, toxins, and drug from the body. Kidney also produce an enzyme ‘’renin’’ which help regulate blood pressure, and their hormone erythropoietin which stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow (Marieb 2012 p. 512) Heart’s function: Is a muscular organ that pumps blood to all the tissues in the body through blood vessels, ‘weight less than a pound with the size of a person’s fist and a shape like cone-shaped’ (p 357).’’The right side pumps blood through the lungs where oxygen is picks up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. The left side of the heart receives blood containing oxygen and pump it to the rest of the body’’ (Marieb 2012 p 360). Lungs Function: Human body contain two lungs. ‘Lungs are large organs that occupy thoracic cavity except the heart in the central area. The left lung has two robes and the right lung has three robes’ (Marieb 2012 p.441). The lungs bring in oxygen to the body which is the air that we breathed for energy and remove carbon dioxide from the body which is the gas that comes out as waste products (American Thoracic Society 2014). . Digestive System: Digestive system starts from the mouth and ends up in the anus. The function of digestive system is to break down foods in to a simplest form for the absorption of the body as nourishment for cells and energy for the body usage (Marieb 2012 p.464). Signs and Symptoms Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) Fatigue and weakness Swelling (oedema) in your legs, ankles and feet Rapid or irregular heartbeat Reduced ability to exercise Persistent cough or wheezing (Nocturia) increased need to urinate at night Heart Pumps Faster Swelling of your abdomen (ascites) Sudden weight gain Lack of appetite and nausea Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness Heart Grows Larger Elevated blood pressure Chest pain, if your heart failure is caused by a heart attack (Mayo Clinic 2014) Shortness of Breath: meaning there is not enough air getting into the body system why because of lack of oxygen as the heart is not able to pump enough blood (Mayo Clinic 2014 Fatigue and weakness: As the heart failed or become weak other parts of the body are affected including legs and arms making difficult do walk or climb the stairs because there is not sufficient blood getting to the legs and arms (University of California San Francisco 2014) Swelling: For kidney to function very well it needs its normal blood supply. Renin restores normal blood pressure and increase filtration of water and salt for filtration process to be normal (Marieb 2012 p. 512). But when blood flow to the kidney is limited then renin will also retain salt and water which will leads to fluid build-up in the body (feet, ankles and legs), (University of California San Francisco 2014) Rapid or irregular heartbeat: meaning fast or abnormal heartbeat. This happen because blood supply is insufficient, therefore, the heart will work harder to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014) Reduced ability to exercise: Because the body feels tired especially the legs and arms as a result of less blood supply to these areas which mean oxygen level in the body is low, you will be less likely to complete the daily activates normally (University of California San Francisco 2014) Persistent cough or wheezing: Is a noisy sound particularly when you breathe in air and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) as a result of fluid build-up in the lugs (Dr. James Krider 2005). Nocturia: Is increased need to urinate at night, as a result of infection of the bladder, kidney or diabetes. In the case of Mr Alby Wright, he is type two diabetes meaning bladder’s ability to hold urine has decrease which leads to more urination at night (Better Medicine 20140) Heart Pumps Faster: Our body needs blood to function very. Due to this, the heart will work harder than normal to circulate blood throughout the body in other to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014) Swelling of your abdomen: Swelling of the abdomen occurs as a result of the fluid build-up in the lungs and organs. Due to the weakness of the heart which means the heart is unable to pump blood very well (Sterns 20140). Sudden weight gain: Swelling or puffiness of the skin will make it look stretched and shiny as a result of unwanted fluid in the tissues and organs (Sterns 20140). Lack of appetite and nausea: When you don’t have the desire to eat food as a result of the liver and digestive system become blocked because there is less blood supply to these organs you will full (University of California San Francisco 2014) Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness: meaning you may start to forget things or confuse because of less circulation to the brain. Without enough blood, the brain cannot function well (British Columbia 2012) Heart Grows Larger: The muscles of the heart become more and more lager due to the force in order to pump blood. The four chambers of the heart also enlarge to be able to hold large volume of blood (University of California San Francisco 2014). Elevated blood pressure: Is the meaning or word use to describe hypertension: thus the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body. This happened as the result of cardiac enlargement or heart failure (Tabbner’s 5e p 273) Chest Pain: Meaning the heart is deprives from getting enough blood. This occurs due to â€Å"blockage or constricted coronary blood vessel† (Tabbner’s 5e p 669) Information taking on his admission: Pulse 124 SaO2: 87% on room air Respiration 32 Blood Pressure 90/40 (Q5) Yes: There is too much glucose (sugar) in his blood which is not getting into the cells of the body. Diabetes lead to nerve damage and poor circulation, looking at his admission form his blood pressure is low, oxygen saturation is also low as a result of asthma and hypotensive and congestive cardiac failure which means blood is not circulating well through the body system. This indication of slow wound healing to extend where his toe was amputated. (Q6): What is the action of laxis: This drug is (Diuretic) use to treat acute pulmonary oedema (Kluwer, Williams Wilkins 2008, p. 647) Which body system is affected? Kidney: because the medicine draws water from the blood as urine. Also affect the heart as the fluid is draw out of the blood the pressure also decreases (Netdoctor 2013) Why he is taking this medication: To clear excessive accumulation of fluid in his body and help he urinates. Three conditions: Glaucoma Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Question 8: Factors that will impact on Mr Wright’s safety: Hospital: allergy, glaucoma risk for fall, leg ulcer for risk infection, Home: Diabetes careful for blood glucose level, low blood pressure, Leg ulcer risk for infection, confusion forget to take his medication, frail skin easy to get skin tear and mobility is not good because he is walking with stick, mental stage he could wounder around and forget where he is. Question 9: Other health professional: Podiatrist will be able to look at his amputated toes to provide him with best treatment including his arthritis. Dieticians: will provide information to Mr Wright’s regarding nutrition on what is good and what is bad for his health. Mental health professional: will help provide support for Mr Wright to reduce his level of anxiety. Diabetes Educator: To educate him on diabetes and how well he should eat. Physiologist: Will help him with exercise program to treat any pain that he might have including arthritis, and difficulty walking (Better Health Channel 2014) Question 10: Neurovascular Assessment Medication Chart Diabetes Assessment Fluid Balance Chart Bowel Chart Care Plan Skin Assessment Wound Care Plane Patient Positioning Chart Dressing Regime (Wound) (TAFE SA Flow Charts Book) References: Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Function of the Kidney, Melbourne Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Definition of Heart Failure, Melbourne American Thoracic Society 2014, Anatomy and Function of the Normal Lungs, viewed 15 March 2014 http://www.thoracic.org/clinical/copd-guidelines/for-patients/anatomy-and-function-of-the-normal-lung.php Mayo Clinic 2014, Diseases and Condition of Heart Failure, viewed 15 March 2014, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/basics/definition/con-20029801 Mayo clinic 2014, Shortness of Breath, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/basics/definition/SYM-20050890 UCSF Medical Centre 2014, Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms, viewed 16 March 2024, http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart_failure/signs_and_symptoms.html Dr. James Krider, Wheezing, viewed 16 Mach 2014, http://www.formulamedical.com/Topics/Symptoms/Wheezing.htm Health Grades 2014, Nocturia Causes, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.localhealth.com/article/nocturia/causes Richard H Sterns 2014, Patient information: Edema (swelling) beyond the basics, viewed 16 March 2014, http://www.uptodate.com/contents/edema-swelling-beyond-the-basics British Columbia 2012, Heart Failure: Less Common Symptoms, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kb/content/special/tx4083abc.html Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Chest pain, Melbourne Kluwer, LW Wilkins 2008, Nursing and Midwifery Drug handbook, Diuretic 4th edn Netdoctor 2013, Laxis, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/heart-and-blood/medicines/lasix.html Better Health Channel 2014, Physiotherapist, viewed 17 March 2014, http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Physiotherapy

Importance of Workforce Planning

Importance of Workforce Planning 1. To analyse the importance of workforce planning and explain the difficulties. Importance In its simplest terms workforce planning is getting the right number of people with the right skills, experiences, and competencies in the right jobs at the right time. This shorthand definition covers a comprehensive process that provides managers with a framework for making staffing decisions based on an organisations mission, strategic plan, budgetary resources, and a set of desired workforce competencies. This process is simple in outline but depends on rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the organisations work, workforce, and strategic direction. Workforce planning requires strong management leadership; clearly articulated vision, mission, and strategic objectives; and cooperative supportive efforts of staff in several functional areas. Strategic planning, budget, and human resources are key players in workforce planning. Organisation plans set organisational direction and articulate measurable programme goals and objectives. The budget process plans for the funding to achieve objectives. Human resources provides tools for identifying competencies needed in the workforce and for recruiting, developing, training, retraining, or placing employees to build the workforce of the future. Organisational success depends on having the right employees with the right competencies at the right time. Workforce planning provides managers the means of identifying the competencies needed in the workforce not only in the present, but also in the future and then selecting and developing that workforce. Finally, workforce planning allows organisations to address systematically issues that are driving workforce change. The overall benefits of workforce planning, then, are its ability to make managers and programmes more effective A workforce plan must document the workforce analysis, competency assessments, gap analysis, and workforce transition planning that makes up the planning process. These data provide the documentation of the inputs and comprise the basic output of the planning. This information establishes the validity of any workforce plan by demonstrating the links between workforce planning and programme management, budget justifications, Organisation goals, and human resources work planning. Workforce planning provides managers with a strategic basis for human resource management decision-making that is based on achieving programme goals. Forecasting models based on analysis of the workforce allow managers to anticipate turnover and to plan recruiting and employee development to move toward the workforce needed in the future which form a radar for continual monitoring. Difficulties in workforce planning Some of the problems with workforce planning relate to the incongruence of the process with the traditional HR function (Friel, 2002). Most HR leaders oversee established, routine work involving benefits, payroll processing and job classification. Time which could be spent doing strategic work is often eaten up by HR administration. In the US, some federal agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service, have attempted to counteract this problem by splitting the two sides of the HR function to create two departments (Friel, 2002). In the past workforce plans have been approved on the basis of personal credibility, not quantifiable metrics, which do not stand the test when organisations run into difficulties. Sullivan (2002b) recommends that organisations consider training their HR staff in the relevant skills and revisiting their performance management and bonus schemes so that they measure and reward workforce planning. Lack of Integration In practice, it is often done independently of other processes whilst there is a danger of exercising too much corporate power over different units (Sullivan, 2002d). Integration of Planning Processes In the past, the process of workforce planning was independent to other resource allocation activities such as budgeting and production planning. As a result, managers found themselves confronted with different and often contradictory forecasts (Sullivan, 2002d). A number of models of workforce planning propose that forecasting should begin with an appreciation of the future direction of the business. The importance of aligning strategic and workforce plans has been emphasised in academic research. There has long been the argument that HR practices that are consistent with or support organisational strategy are more effective than those that do not (eg Schuler Jackson, 1987). Whilst it is tempting to integrate local plans into a master workforce plan, Bechet (2000) stresses keeping them separate and not consolidated. This is because the process of consolidation sometimes squeezes out the very detail that is most useful and ends up masking significant differences between units. Lack of Ownership According to Sullivan (2002c), workforce planning has often been seen as something owned by the HR department, not by management. However, when times are tight, it is not HR who has the authority. This threatens the security of workforce planning since, without a real appreciation of its benefits, management may decide it is dispensable. Experience shows that ownership of any HR initiative needs to be extended to senior levels with a senior champion identified to help drive the process through. Lack of Flexibility The manpower planning strategies of the past worked according to straight-line growth and tried to define a single bulls-eye for a target (Sullivan, 2002d). Recent changes have shown that the business world often fails to follow historical patterns and that organisational plans need to be more flexible (Sullivan, 2002b). To be useful, Sullivan recommends that workforce planning includes a range of targets and that organisations prepare for all eventualities in that range. One means through which flexibility can be achieved is through scenario planning (see Reilly, 1996). Scenarios are not intended to be predictive. Rather they recognise that uncertainty is not just an occasional, temporary deviation from a reasonable predictability; it is a basic structural feature of the business environment. (Wack, 1985). Particularly as originally developed by Shell, their aim is to challenge assumptions of how the world works and to generate understanding of the important factors involved. Lack of Prioritisation In the past workforce plans have failed because they have been over-ambitious and have tried to achieve too much (Sullivan, 2002c). To be effective, Sullivan recommends that they be rightsized and aim to cover only those areas where they will have a significant impact. Workforce plans cannot possibly include everything so they should prioritise certain units, jobs, customers and products. Static Event Using Long Time-Frames In the past, workforce planning has used long time frames, sometimes looking ahead up to five or ten years. Often managers have refused to revisit plans more regularly because they take so long to develop (Sullivan, 2002d). Whilst an overview of the overall direction of the organisation requires a long-term focus, Sullivan recommends that detailed plans focus no more than 18 months ahead. Workforce planning should be seen as a living document (Reilly, 1996), something which is not static but needs to respond to changing circumstances. It is not an event (Bechet, 2000) but should be monitored regularly to avoid strategic drift (Johnson, 1987) where the match between the organisation and the external world disappears. Issues need to be defined on an ongoing basis and a discussion of the staffing implications of changes in business plans should be conducted each and every time change is discussed or anticipated. Bad Data and Analysis In the 1980s the amount and the quality of workforce-planningrelated information that was available to HR was minuscule by todays standards (Sullivan, 2002a). Without the ability to connect databases and analyse complex trends, HR planning was forced to guess, or all too commonly to utilise straight-line forecast. In addition, plans tended to be based purely on internal data without any consideration of what was going on outside (Sullivan, 2002d). Nowadays there are significantly better data and analysis techniques available (Sullivan, 2002a). The increased availability of economic and business data on the internet makes forecasting much easier and cheaper for even small firms. Access to enterprise-wide software packages now allows managers to easily collect data for forecasts and to prepare viable workforce plans. 2. To evaluate the significance of employee motivation and appraisal programmes in a business Importance of appraisal for employee motivation One of the secrets of a good performing company is the fact that they recognized the importance of staff motivation. Watch out for companies that are 10 years old and above, the secret of their sustenance and longevity lies on the above truth. A solid and good management doesnt joke with the above notion. The truth of the matter is this; for a staff to work efficiently and effectively, employees must be motivated. This means that their efforts should be rewarded with physical, financial and psychological benefits and incentives so that they could maintain a high level of morale, satisfaction, and productivity. It means that workers should be stimulated to take a desired course of action by providing them with the opportunities to gain what they want. Employee motivation is a function of all managers in general and of personnel managers in particular. The following are some of the techniques that can be used by a manager to motivate employees. Ensuring employee participation in the decision making process Paying adequate and fair remuneration to employees Praising employees for good works done Keeping employees in the know concerning changes in company policy Showing interest in workers and giving them adequate, personal attention Making the fullest use of employees skills, ideas, suggestions and abilities Giving employees helpful direction and assistance when they are in problem Making employees feel secure of their jobs and free from anxiety Setting good examples and exhibiting personal diligence Communicating standards to employees and making them know where they stand how well they are doing and what they can do to improve. The need to motivate employees is no longer hidden. What remains controversial is the best method of motivation. The rapid profusion and appearance of theories of motivation is a clear testimony to this. Peoples needs and situations vary. This implies that there can be no simple generalizations or one best method of motivation but rather a selective application of the techniques suggested above. Performance Appraisal of an employee Performance Appraisal is the regular, formalized and recorded review of the way in which an individual is performing his job. It is the evaluation of the performance of employees. According to Beach performance appraisal is the continuous systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. Staff or performance appraisal is an integral part of every managers function. Indeed, whether intended or not, it occurs informally on a day-to-day basis in order to determine how to get work done and which members of staff to allocate to what duties. However, a formalized appraisal is a planned, systematic, methodical and comprehensive joint evaluation exercise by the appraiser ad the appraise. The extent of staff participation the degree of planning, and the purposes and priorities of appraisal systems vary from one organization to another. The main objectives of staff performance appraisal are as follows: To identify and reward competence and excellence To identify staff training needs and develop the potential of those employs who can satisfy different future manpower needs within the organizations. To identify performance deficiencies and spur improvements in them To motivate employees to be highly productive based on their knowledge of a forthcoming evaluation of their performance A planned and formalized performance appraisal scheme involves: (a) A definition of clear job objectives, targets and standards for each employee (b) An objective evaluation of staff performance and results against previously agreed standards. (c) An open discussion of the results and their implications (d) An agreement of committed plans for the future work of the appraise and the boss. The traditional method of appraising employees involves the annual filling of a standard appraisal form by the employees superiors. The form usually deals with various aspects of the employees work such as output level, co-operation with co-workers, ability to work independently, initiative, cost consciousness, goal orientation, etc. The performance of each employee in the year under review is then rated for each of these criteria using a numerical scale. For instance, if the scale is from 1 to 10, and employee might be scored 2/10 for output level, 3/10 for co-operation with co-workers, etc. The scores will then be summed together to determine whether the employee has performed well or not. In addition to the evaluation of a workers past performance, the superior might be asked to rate the workers potential for growth and advancement by stating that the worker is highly promising, average and may succeed with effort, unlikely to advance or a total write-off. To cap it all, the officer may be invited to make a general comment on the employee after which the form is sent to a higher hierarchy of management for consideration, comments and approval or rejection. To make an appraisal system a success, the following principles must be observed in its design and operation. It should be tailor-made to the specific nature and needs of the organization It should not be seen as an annual, ritualistic exercise, without any purpose, substance and significance. It should be objective and fair so that an employees performance ratings will not depend on who he or she knows in the organization. To achieve this, the exercise should involve more than just the appraisers immediate superior. The appraisers colleagues and subordinates should be brought into the picture. It should be standardized throughout the organization It should be based on specific goals or targets for improvements It should include some form of self-appraisal and should be based on open constructive discussion not broad praise or criticism. Subordinates should participate in setting the goals on which they will be appraised in the future. Superiors should not impose goals on their subordinates. Line managers must be trained in the techniques and methods of performance appraisal and must recognize and appreciate its contributions to organizational effectiveness. The scheme should be designed with just a few purposes. Appraisal systems designed to improve performance should not simultaneously consider wages, salary or promotion because the roles of judge and adviser are not complimentary and should therefore be separated. 3. Know the different schools of management thought that have been developed over the last Century CLASSIFICATION OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES As mentioned earlier, there are several schools of thought in management. Apart from the autocratic or authoritarian or pre-scientific era (i.e., earlier to 1880) of the early period, several schools of management thought are identified and classified in several ways by experts. It is interesting to note that while early writings on management principles came from experienced practitioners, the more recent writings tend to come from academic theorists, of whom have had no direct experience in organisational management. During the history of management a number of more or less separate schools of management thought have emerged, and each sees management from its own has classified the management theories into the following six groups: i) The management process school ii) The empirical school iii) The human behavioural school iv) The social systems school v) The decision theory school vi) The mathematical school. . Adding one more style or approach of his own Evans discusses eleven basic styles cited by Herbert Hicks in his books the management of organisations Again leaving the early perspectives, Hitt and others (1979) classify management theories into three broad groups. i) Classical management theory. ii) Neoclassical management theory iii) Modern management theory Under each group a few schools of thought are identified. These three groups of schools of management thought, are currently in vogue and found adequate for the purpose. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT THEORY (1880s-1920s) Classical management theory consists of a group of similar ideas on the management of organisations that evolved in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Classical school is sometimes called the traditional school of management among practitioners. This school, evolved as a result of the industrial revolution, in response to the growth of large organisations and in contrast to the handicraft system that existed till then. It contains three branches, namely, scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organisation. The predominant and common characteristic to all three branches is the emphasis on the economic rationality of management and organisation The economic rationality of the individual employee at work assumes that people choose the course of action that maximises their economic reward. In other words, economic rationality assumes that people are motivated by economic incentives and that they make choices that yield the-greatest monetary benefit. Thus, to get employees to work hard, managers should appeal to their monetary desires. These assumptions are based on a pessimistic view of human nature. While they are true to some extent, they also overlook some optimistic aspects. Classical theorists recognised human emotions but felt that human emotions could be controlled by a logical and rational structuring of jobs and work. The primary contributions of the classical school of management includes (i) application of science to the practice of management (ii) development of the basic management functions and (iii) articulation and application of specific principles of management. NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY (1920s-1950s) The Traditional classical theory and its principles are attacked on the ground that they are contradictory, pay little attention to motivation, and make hasty pronouncements on what should be done, without examining the assumptions Management Perspectives underlying such pronouncements. As such, these principles do not represent the heart of knowledge of management but a small part of the total body of administrative management. As a reaction to schools of classical theory, which over emphasised the mechanical and physiological characters of management, came up the schools of neoclassical theory, with a more human-oriented approach and emphasis on the needs, drives, behaviours and attitudes of individuals. Another impetus was the development of the concepts of industrial psychology around the same time. Two important groups, namely, human relations school and behavioural schools emerged during 1920s and 1930s under the neoclassical theory. Names of two persons, often mentioned, from the period earlier to neoclassical theory, are Robert Owen and Andrew Ure. As Young Welsh factory owner, Robert Owen was first one to emphasise human needs of employees as early as 1800. Andrew Ike has incorporated human factors in his book `The Philosophy of Manufactures published in 1835. The human relations movement of the 1940s and the 1950s filled many gaps in knowledge about business organisations, but it did little to fill major gaps in management theory, or to create a new and viable theory of management. MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORY Modern management theory highlights, the complexity of the organisation as well as individuals and the diversity of their needs, motives, aspirations and potentials. As a result, one time status or universal management principles are impracticable. The complexities require intricate managerial strategies for dealing with people and organisation. As against the rational economic man of the classical theory and the social person view of neoclassical theory, the complex employee view is the premises of modem management theory. The complex employee view holds that people are both complex and variable. They have many motives, learn new motives through experience and motives vary from organisation to organisation and department to department. Complex interactions relate the employee and the organisation. There is no single managerial strategy that works for all people at all times. Managers can employ different strategies at different times and for different persons. Analytical tools may b e useful while applying managerial strategies. Four important modern management theories arising out of the complex employee view, are systems theory, contingency theory, organisational humanism, and management science. This stage of management theory represents the work of revisionist researchers combining streams of efforts in the behavioural sciences with those in mathematics, statistics, and the use of computers. Naturally many revisionists are behavioural scientists whose research extended beyond the human relations area. It is the powerful combination of systems theorists, operations research specialists, decision theorists, statisticians, computer experts, and others skilled in quantitative research and decision methods. Rigorous research and testing of propositions, using behavioural, statistical and mathematical tools, characterised this school of thought. This period is also called synthesis period. As against the predominantly engineering-oriented quantitative theorists in classical theory, industrial psychologists together with sociologists and applied anthropologists who dominated the neoclassical theory, it is the revisionist researchers, who dominated the modern management theory and questioned old tenets, developed new hypotheses, and offered better explanations of organisational and managerial behaviour. The revisionist movement appears to have begun with Litchfields propositions published in the first issue of Administrative Science Quarterly in 1956. They questioned principles developed by deductive reasoning in classical theory but did not discard all of the early theories. A logical extension of application of management knowledge into non-business areas such as education, government and health, is a significant contribution of the modem management theory. It is interesting to note that the classical theory was organisation centered with emphasis on efficiency having process or functional approach, based on deductive evidence and descriptive research. Neoclassical theory had the person-centered approach, was increasingly experimental, and almost remained descriptive and highly deductive. On the other hand, revisionists used behavioural and quantitative tools and remained more inductive, experimental, rigorous and complete. According to the modern management school, management is an exercise in logic and applies itself to situations, that can be reduced to unitised measurements and handled with quantitative methods, where computers have an increasing role to play. 4. Understand the problems of introducing and implementing change in todays workforce Implementation of a new idea is a more difficult task rather than just proposing it. This is especially true in organizations where putting in place a new practice requires many peoples understanding, agreement, and willingness to act. To implement one needs to convince peoples minds and hearts. It requires complete planning and documentation as its a switch of an organization from an existing practiced system to a new one. Planning the necessary political moves of the implementation requires willful and deliberate planning to capture the potentially dangerous organizational forces in change and use them to the changing organizations advantage system.. The planning and documentation of the new system includes not just the listing of the steps which are to be followed but also designing the work that can help people understand the new setup (Wick, 2005). TRANSITION OR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The transition or implementation plan provides a bridge from the way things are carried out currently to the change you want in the organization. Making a detailed plan of transition is the only way for the change to take place completely and leads to desired future. E-mailing change or verbally ordering things to change wont make a new idea happen permanently. There are four stages of the plan Current state, Transition state, Future desired state and Clean up (Wick, 2005). If new things are not planned before hand and are implemented and practiced instantly then it will directly lead to clean up- a faux new state. In such condition the elements of the new and former system are combined hap- hazardly with a few future concepts and people spend most of their organizational time trying to clean up the impromptu mess. This will lead to confusion and chaos in the organization. Failed implementations can be avoided in the organization by expert construction and maintenance of your implementation plan (Wick, 2005). The need of organizational change arises due to environmental forces and conditions. For the survival of an organization, it must be fully capable of planning and handling the change (Smith E. and Jones D., 1996). A good manger effectively deals with the changes affecting the work environment and take measures to ensure continued growth and success of the organization (Doe, 1996). The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze an organizational problem, and to describe the implementation of a change to solve the problem using a change theory. IDENTIFICATION OF A PROBLEM The dissatisfaction expressed by employees in the work setting is often the first indication of a problem (B.Moore, 1997). Sharp managers constantly keep a watch on their work environment and are especially concerned for employee complaints that repeatedly occur (Doe S., 1996). The awareness and knowledge of a manger about the organizations work environment and its issues problems help him identify and solve the problem at an early stage before they become bigger issues. The engineering department employees of XYZ plant are unhappy with the required use of time clock to document their workday. An informal telephonic survey conducted of eight businesses revealed several methods for documenting and recording time worked. The most frequently used method allowed professionals to account for their time by submitting the number of days worked to the Payroll Department at the end of each pay period. A group of engineering department employees submitted a proposal to the manger for consideration of survey results and a trial implementation of a new method for documenting time worked. The manager has receivedconsent of the administration to review the proposal and submit his recommendations to the Chief Executive Officer within the next two weeks (Smith, 1999). IDENTIFICATION OF A CHANGE THEORY The Kurt Lewins theory of planned change is used as a model for implementing change in organization. The three phases identified in Lewins change process include unfreezing, moving or changing, and refreezing. The organization can overcome obstacles and bring about effective change by using this model (Hall, 1997). APPLICATION OF THE CHANGE PROCESS The change at the XYZ plant could ideally be implemented by using Lewins model. This change model has widely been used as it (a) can be applied to any setting, (b) is easy to follow, and (c) incorporates strategies to identify and resolve obstacles during the change process (B.Moore, 1997). The model will be used to describe the trial implementation of the honor system method for employees in the Engineering Department to document their time worked. The Lewins model proposes changes that are relatively straightforward and affects small number of employees within the organization (Hall, 1997). UNFREEZING The identification of a need for change and the establishment of a receptive climate is the first step of the change process. To unfreeze the environment, one has to follow the strategy of identifying obstacles in the way of successful change, communicating with employees of the department about the problem and its solution and outlining the benefits associated with the new change. In this way, the employees will support the proposed change, but more work is required to convince the administration (Hall, 1997). MOVING OR CHANGING Change is the second phase of the process. This involves the implementation of new setup, ideas, values, or behaviors that focus and leads to the actual change. For the XYZ Plant, the strategy might include clearly defined details about the new policy for documenting time worked, managing resistance to the change, development of a written procedure for the change, and a way to aware all employees when the change will take place. The recommendation to the Chief Executive Officer comprises of all these details, and formally developed if the trial period is successful (Hall, 1997). REFREEZING The third phase involves refreezing new behavior patterns into place. In this phase the reinforcement of the adopted change is strategically done until it is integrated. Incentives are given and some other motivators can be used to encourage the employees and to increase the acceptability and likelihood of the new setup. The engineers would be motivated by recognizing their professional status. The management would be incented by the decreased costs due to simplified record keeping (Hall, 1997). Several sources support Lewins change model as an effective tool for implementing planned organizational change (Hall, 1997; International Business Institute, 1998). Here, it was used to illustrate the implementation of an organizational change in response to a problem occurred in engineering department XYZ Plant. Though change is unavoidable but yet it can produce utter confusion in a work environment if it is not managed effectively.

How computer viruses work :: essays research papers

How computer viruses work Computer viruses are not understood very well, but they get your attention. Viruses show us how vulnerable we are, but they also show how open and worldly human beings have become. Microsoft and other large companies had to shut down all their e-mail systems when the â€Å"Melissa† virus became a worldwide event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A computer virus is passed on from one computer to another computer. A virus must ride on top of some other program to document in order to perform an instruction. After it is running, it can then infect other programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Viruses were first seen in the late 1980s; the first factor was the spread of personal computers. Before the 1980’s home computers were non-existent or they were used for toys, and the real computers were very rare and they were locked away to only be used by the â€Å"experts.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second factor was the se of the â€Å"bulletin boards†; any one could get to a bulletin board if they had a modem and download programs. Bulletin boards led to the precursor of the virus known as the Trojan Horse. It is a program that sounds really cool when you read it, so then people download it, and when people run the program, however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk, so people think that they are getting something neat, but it wipes out their system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third factor to viruses is the floppy disk. Programs were small and they could fit the operating system, or a word processor onto the floppy disk, and then turn on the machine and it would load the operating system and everything else off the disk. Viruses took advantage of these three facts to create the first self-replicating programs!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early viruses were pieces of code attached to programs like games or word processors. People could download an infected game from a bulletin board and run it, and a virus like this is a small piece of code embedded in a larger, legitimate program. The virus loads its self to memory and looks around to see if it can find any programs on the hard disk. When it finds one it modifies it to the virus’s code to the program. Then the virus launches the â€Å"real program,† and the user has no way of knowing that it is infected. The next time this program is executed, they infect other programs, and the cycle continues.

Farewell to Arms Essay -- essays papers

Farewell to Arms Death is often represented by traditional symbols ranging from the color black to the common tombstone. Besides these icons, other signs can stand for mortality including rain. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway associates rain with death many times. Although rain is not usually considered a symbol of death, the main character Fredric Henry discovers this natural occurrence is a personal theme he relates with death. The first time Hemingway uses the connection between rain and death is during a march to the river. The group was climbing out of the embankment to cross the road, and suddenly three shots rang out, one bullet unfortunately hitting Amyo. Fredric thought to himself, â€Å"He looked very dead. It was raining†. He does not yet see that the rain is always ...

Case Study of Indian Ocean Tsunami

Case Study of the Indian Ocean Tsunami On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, or the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, caused a tsunami that killed 230,000 people and was recorded as the deadliest tsunami in known history. The earthquake was recorded as between 9. 1 and 9. 3 on the Richter scale, the second largest earthquake ever recorded. It was also recorded as the longest one, triggering earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Following the disaster, a worldwide effort raised billions of dollars in tsunami relief. ConsequencesThe initial toll by the U. S. Geological Survey was 283,100 dead. However, actual figures counted 229,886. About one-third of the dead are children because they were least able to fight the waters. Additionally, nearly 9,000 foreign tourists were dead or missing. The disaster affected Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others in South East Asian. In some areas, drinking water supplies and farm fie lds are contaminated for the long term by the ocean's salt waters.The United Nations stated that the relief effort will be the costliest in history and reconstruction may take up to ten years. One of the biggest fears was the spread of diseases, which prompted non-governmental organizations and relief agencies to increase humanitarian aid. Furthermore, the economic impact is devastating on both the national and local levels. Costal fishing communities are some of the poorest in the region, and fishing exports account for substantial earnings of the countries. Nearly two-thirds of the fishing fleet and infrastructure were destroyed.The earthquake and ensuing tsunami changed the seabed in the Malacca Straits, and new navigational charts would have to be created. Additionally, tourism is greatly impacted as foreigners canceled their trips to South East Asian. The disaster also has a great environmental impact as it inflicted severe damage on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, f orests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. The spread of wastes and industrial chemicals further polluted waters and threaten ecosystems.The invading seawater also contaminated freshwater, destroying the critical environment habitable for coral reefs. Citizen Response The public was generous in donating to tsunami aid. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the public donated nearly US$600,000,000. Compared to the government, the donation was quite substantial, averaging around $10 per person, including the homeless and children. Government Response Governments and humanitarian organizations responded by providing sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to prevent a wave of diseases from increasing the death toll.The quick response mitigated and contained diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, and typhoid that could have inflicted even more damage. Also, there was a substantial movement to bury bodies to prevent the spread of disease. Globally, countries provided over US$3 billion in aid. The government of Australia pledged nearly US$820 million and the United States pledged $950 million. In the US, a joint effort by former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton led the effort to provide private aid to tsunami victims.The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 must go down in human history as one of our greatest ever disasters. A magnitude 9. 0 earthquake, the most powerful to hit anywhere in the last 40 years, created tidal waves in the Indian Ocean that killed at least 225,000 people in 11 countries. Sri Lanka was hit quite hard, with over 32,000 dead and approx. 5 percent of the population there left homeless. In Indonesia more than 150,000 were killed and over 12,000 lost their lives in India, most in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Thailand there were more than 5,000 deaths many of whom were foreign tourists.The devastation to services, property and buildings from the effects of the Tsunami was so immense that international appeals were launched for aid to the victims, of unprecedented proportions. The disaster spawned immediate and renewed scientific interest in Tsunamis from researchers all over the world. How Tsunamis are formed, where they may strike, their likelihood of occurrence of any significance, their characteristics and ways in which their potentially devastating effects may perhaps be mitigated, are questions that many researchers are seeking answers to.Whilst Tsunamis are not an entirely new phenomena, and a significant amount of scientific literature can be found that addresses many of these questions (Bryant, 2001), it is clear that much still needs to be done to gain a better understanding of Tsunami wave-structure interaction effects on buildings and building elements n a key issue with respect to structure integrity and survival against the effects of a Tsunami. Indian Ocean Tsunami (26th December 2004) The Indian Ocean tsunami (sometimes called the Boxing Day tsunami in the UK) was caused by a 9. 1 magnitude earthquake.The earthquake occurred under the Indian Ocean NW of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake was at a depth of 30km and caused a huge rupture that triggered waves of up to 30m in height. The giant tsunami affected many countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit was Indonesia, where up to 170,000 people were killed (exact figures are unknown because many bodies were never recovered). In total about 230,000 people are believed to have lost their lives, with a further 125,000 injured and over 1. 5 million displaced (again these figure vary because not all bodies were recovered or injured recorded).The tsunami killed locals and tourists alike, many tourists were killed because they were on beaches or in hotels near the beach. Many local who work in the tourism or fishing industry were also effected. In many fishing villages fatalities were actually higher amongst women, becaus e many men were at sea fishing (if you are out of sea, past where the sea bed shallows, tsunami actually appear as big ripples and will not destroy the boats). The Indian Ocean tsunami triggered one of the biggest humanitarian efforts of all time. Below is a summary of some of the different responses at different scales.

Bluetooth Applications

BLUETOOTH APPLICATION ABSTRACT In the current scenario the world is plagued by accidents which are primarily due to human errors in judgment and hence thousands of lives are lost. These accidents can be avoided if only there was a mechanism to alert the driver of approaching danger. This can be done by monitoring the distance between nearby cars and alerting the driver whenever the distance becomes too short. This is precisely the aim of this paper.In this paper we propose the use of Bluetooth Technology by which we can check the speed of the car whenever it comes dangerously close to any other vehicle up front, thereby saving very many lives. CONTENTS: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ROAD ACCIDENT STATISTICS 3. OPERATION 4. AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5. REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA 6. CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Since Bluetooth devices are capable of communicating with eight other devices simultaneously we can monitor and check the speeds of up to eight cars simultaneously, thus preventing accidents.Thus if we have two Bluetooth enabled devices in two cars the devices automatically communicate with each other when they come in the range of up to 100 meters of each other. The range is dependant on the power class of the product. Power transmission rates vary in many Bluetooth devices depending upon the power saving features available in a particular unit, bandwidth requirements, transmission distance. The statistics of road accidents is tremendous and highlights the need for such a system. The following is a statistic on the number of road accidents occurring each year.ROAD ACCIDENT STATISTICS OF INDIA 1970-2003 | |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Sl. No. | |Source:   Data received from States/UTs. | s OPERATION Because of traveling at high speeds there is a possibility of having accident. The figure 2 shows that when two cars or more come within the distance of 10 km at high speeds there is a possibility of having accidents. The Bluetooth radio is a short dist ance, low power radio operating in the unlicensed spectrum of 2. GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 20 dBm. [pic] At the 20 dB the range is 100 meters, meaning equipment must be Within 100 meters to each other (about 328 feet) to communicate using the Bluetooth standard. With the help of this technology we can send data to the eight devices. The group of eight devices is known as piconet. Here we have a piconet and a scatternet, in the piconet M is the master and S1 to S7 are the slaves [pic] Radio communication is subjected to noise and interference, as the 2. 4 GHz frequencies are shared between the all device in piconet.So the Bluetooth specification has solved this problem by employing what is called as spectrum spreading, in which the Bluetooth radio hops among different frequencies very quickly. There are 79 hops starting at 2. 402 GHz and stopping at 2. 480 GHz, each of which is displaced by 1 MHz. The Bluetooth avoids interference by hoping around these 79 frequencies 1600 times per second. So in order to avoid it we use bluetooth equipped car, in which each car have bluetooth transmitter and receiver. And the every car should have mini computer to monitor the relative position of the car with the other car. pic]When any car comes close together bluetooth device sends warning signal to the car. Based on the type of warning signal received the computer sends signal to the brake control system to slow down the speed of the car. There are two types of control signals. First type of signal control the speed of the car and the second type of signal is to overtake the car which is moving forward. Schematic diagram of car: [pic] AUTOMTIC BRAKE SYSTEM: The automatic brake system is the next generation braking system for controlling the speed of the car.On receiving the control signal from the traveling car the computer inside the car manipulates the signal and gives control signal to the braking system. There are four main components to an automatic brak ing system: †¢ speed sensors †¢ pump †¢ valves †¢ controller [pic] Automatic braking pump and valves The computer constantly monitors the distance between each of these cars and when it senses that the car is getting too close it moves the hydraulic valves to increase the pressure on the braking circuit, effectively increasing the braking force on the wheels.If the distance between two vehicle is within the 100m the Bluetooth devices get enabled and if the distance come closer within 10m the automatic braking system takes the control. After the speed of the car is reduced and distance increased the hydraulic valves decreases the pressure on the braking circuit, thus effectively decrease the braking force on the wheels. The following steps show the various functions of the hydraulic valves: †¢ in position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake. in position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that b rake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder. †¢ in position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA In the figure 7 when car A and car B come within the range of 100m both the Bluetooth devices get enabled and if any one of the car comes too fast then the bluetooth device sends a warning signal to the other car and it processes the signal and gives it to the automatic braking system. pic] CONCLUSION: The Bluetooth technology is being widely adopted by the Industry leaders. The possibility for new applications is very exciting with this Versatile technology. It provides a simple, logical answer to all the Problems-which is built a single common radio into every mobile computer, then neither do companies have to worry about WAN, nor do communication companies need to worry about building external cables. The Bluetooth communication device will thus be a small, low powered radio in a chip that will talk to other Bluetooth enabled products.Bluetooth has been designed to solve a number of connectivity problems experienced by the mobile workers & consumers. Thus, this technology helps make the electronic devices more user friendly and helps address various other problems like accidents. ———————– Fig 1 CAR 1 CAR 6 CAR 4 CAR 3 CAR 7 CAR 8 CAR 5 CAR 2 MINI COMPUTER INSIDE THE CAR Fig 2 M S72222222 S1 M2 S2 S1 M1/S S1 S1/S3 M1 S3 Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6 Within 10m Sends warning signal Receives signal and control the speed of car Fig 7

How Will Science and Technology Improve Our Future?

Finding Median Graphically Marks inclusive series| Conversion into exclusive series| No. of students| Cumulative Frequency| (x)|   | (f)| (C. M)| 410-419| 409. 5-419. 5| 14| 14| 420-429| 419. 5-429. 5| 20| 34| 430-439| 429. 5-439. 5| 42| 76| 440-449| 439. 5-449. 5| 54| 130| 450-459| 449. 5-459. 5| 45| 175| 460-469| 459. 5-469. 5| 18| 193| 470-479| 469. 5-479. 5| 7| 200| The median value of a series may be determinded through the graphic presentation of data in the form of Ogives. This can be done in 2 ways. 1. Presenting the data graphically in the form of ‘less than' ogive or ‘more than' ogive . . Presenting the data graphically and simultaneously in the form of ‘less than' and ‘more than' ogives. The two ogives are drawn together. 1. Less than Ogive approach Marks| Cumulative Frequency (C. M)| Less than 419. 5| 14| Less than 429. 5| 34| Less than 439. 5| 76| Less than 449. 5| 130| Less than 459. 5| 175| Less than 469. 5| 193| Less than 479. 5| 200| Steps i nvolved in calculating median using less than Ogive approach – 1. Convert the series into a ‘less than ‘ cumulative frequency distribution as shown above . 2. Let N be the total number of students who's data is given.N will also be the cumulative frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th  item(student) and mark it on the y-axis. In this case the (N/2)th  item (student) is 200/2 = 100th  student. 3. Draw a perpendicular from 100 to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A. 4. From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph. The median turns out to be 443. 94. 2. More than Ogive approach More than marks| Cumulative Frequency (C. M)| More than 409. 5| 200| More than 419. 5| 186| More than 429. | 166| More than 439. 5| 124| More than 449. 5| 70| More than 459. 5| 25| More than 469. 5| 7| More than 479. 5| 0| Steps involve d in calculating median using more than Ogive approach – 1. Convert the series into a ‘more than ‘ cumulative frequency distribution as shown above . 2. Let N be the total number of students who's data is given. N will also be the cumulative frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th  item(student) and mark it on the y-axis. In this case the (N/2)th  item (student) is 200/2 = 100th  student. 3. Draw a perpendicular from 100 to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A. . From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph. The median turns out to be 443. 94. 3. Less than and more than Ogive approach Another way of graphical determination of median is through simultaneous graphic presentation of both the less than and more than Ogives. 1. Mark the point A where the Ogive curves cut each other. 2. Draw a perpendicular from A on the x-axis. The corresponding value on the x-axis would be the median value.